The 1st Circuit noted in its Walsh decision that “there is no one-size-fits-all answer” for the question of whether a PIP qualifies as an adverse employment action under the meaning of federal civil ...

To have a valid claim for discrimination or retaliation, a plaintiff must generally show, among other things, that there was an “adverse employment action” based on the plaintiff’s protected ...

A Performance Improvement Plan (“PIP”) is a long-standing HR tool for managing underperforming employees. Employers often use a PIP to document deficiencies and outline specific goals the ...