Scientists imagine virtual particles popping in and out of existence to explain how forces transfer between particles. koto_feja/iStock via Getty Images A clever mathematical tool known as virtual ...
OpenAI's GPT-5.2 has derived a new formula for gluon interactions, overturning assumptions of zero amplitude and advancing theoretical physics.
CAMBRIDGE, MA. -- In the dead of a Martian winter, clouds of snow blanket the Red Planet's poles — but unlike our water-based snow, the particles on Mars are frozen crystals of carbon dioxide. Most of ...
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