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Vanadium flow batteries are one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage, due to their long cycle life, excellent recyclability, and low fire risk. However, their uptake is ...

Typically, the individual cells in a battery have somewhat different capacities and may be at different levels of state of charge (SOC). Without balancing, the cell of smallest capacity is a “weak ...

Automobiles, aircraft, marine vehicles, uninterruptible power supplies, and telecom hardware use series-connected battery stacks. These stacks of individual cells may contain many units, potentially ...